Archaeological site

On a small peninsula in the present-day municipality of Palamos, on a hill, in the 6th century BC, the Iberians built a small village that was to become the most important fortified settlement on the Indigetes tribes after Ullastret. Located in an area that offered excellent conditions for control and defence, it developed its economy through trade with the Greek city of Empúries.

It reached its peak between the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. At this point, the settlement was fortified on the side with easiest access to the peninsula, the isthmus. The first urban development took place on the highest part of the settlement. To increase the available land on the slopes of the hill, terraces were constructed with reinforced retaining walls on which the streets and houses were built. Today, these can still be seen on the eastern side. It seems that at the top of the fortified summit, or acropolis, there was a Hellenistic temple of which the remains of the entrance portico and the foundations of the columns have been found.

With the Romanisation of the area, the settlement of Castell did not disappear. Its strategic location led to it experiencing new heights in the 2nd century BC. The settlement was extended to the north, beyond the walls, occupying what, until then, had been an area of silos. In addition to new houses, a porticoed square, surrounded by commercial premises, was created.

The archaeological site of Castell is of great significance, both for the architectural techniques employed and for the state of preservation of the remains. And this is because a large proportion of the structures remain, even some walls more than 1.5 metres high. Almost the entire wall can be seen, as well as rooms, streets, water cisterns and silos for storing grain.

Given its privileged position, located on a hill in the mountains of the Serra Grossa and on the left bank of the Sénia river, Ulldecona is the perfect example of a frontier castle. During the Arab occupation, between the 8th and 11th centuries, it was an Andalusian fortification. With the conquest of the lands south of the Ebro by the Christians, it passed to the Montcada family of Tortosa in 1148, who gave it over to the Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem, and it was transformed into a Christian Castle. A village grew up around it, thus being protected from Muslim attacks.

Currently, the fortified complex consists of three buildings - two towers and the old church - and remains of other demolished buildings, all surrounded by a perimeter wall. One of the most emblematic structures is the circular tower from the 12th century, which served as a watchtower. The upper terrace of this latter building, of which the battlements and embrasure have been preserved, offers unparallel views over the surrounding area. It is complemented by the square Keep Tower from the 13th century, which housed the stately rooms. 

The Church is the most modern building within the enclosure, dating back to the 16th century. It may have replaced a primitive chapel located in the main tower of the Castle.

Although most visible structures relate to the Christian military fortification, the remains of the first Arabic Castle, such as the remnants of the wall topped by two watch towers, are still preserved today. Also within the enclosure, there are the walls of medieval dwellings and even the remains of an ancient Iberian settlement.

El poblat ibèric dels Ilergets , al municipi de Tornabous, al comtat d'Urgell, ofereix una de les principals demostracions del seu potencial polític, econòmic i comercial abans de l'arribada dels romans.
 
Tot i que els orígens de l’assentament són de finals de la primera edat del ferro, les restes arqueològiques del Molí d’Espígol demostren el nivell avançat de desenvolupament urbanístic que aquesta comunitat havia assolit en el moment del seu punt àlgid, entre els segles IV i III. BC
 
Va ser en aquest moment quan Molí d’Espígol va passar de ser un assentament a una ciutatamb una economia basada en l’agricultura i la ramaderia. La complexitat de les cases i les innovacions, com la canalització sota el paviment, demostren el progrés de l’assentament. I, sobretot, el traçat urbà, que ha perdurat fins als nostres dies.
 
Les excavacions, iniciades el 1970 pel Museu Diocesà de Solsona (Museu Diocesà de Solsona) i gestionades pel Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya des del 2000, han deixat entreveure dues àrees arqueològiques ben definides : la zona urbana , amb restes visibles i visitables; i una zona suburbana al nord, fora de les muralles de l’ oppidum , com a resultat del creixement de la ciutat. També s’ha identificat la font que va subministrar aigua a la comunitat: anantiga piscina , avui dia assecada, situada fora de la vila emmurallada.
 
Al voltant del 200 aC es va encaminar la gent d’Ilergetes ibèrics i el lloc va ser abandonat. Es va produir una reocupació posterior fins al seu total abandonament a mitjan segle I aC.

This ancient Andalusian military encampment was the original centre of Balaguer and is an extraordinary archaeological site that allows us to learn about the Islamic past of the town.

Its origin dates back to the mid-8th century, during the occupation of the Iberian Peninsula by the Arabs and Berbers who had arrived in 711 AD. They built a military camp here which would be used as a "base of operations" for the expeditions of conquest that left along the Segre River towards Europe.

Over time, its military use gradually changed to civilian use until it became a town (medina), which experienced the height of its splendour in the 11th century thanks to the agricultural and livestock resources. Researchers have discovered the remains of the buildings characteristic of the Islamic cities of this era: Mosque, aljama or Jewish quarter, the stately castle (suda), residential area, squares, the potters’ district, etc. With the subsequent Christian conquest (1105 AD) and the expulsion of the Muslim population, Pla d’Almatà returned to the military and agricultural uses, being converted into fields of vineyards and olive groves.

Since 1983, excavations have been carried out which have uncovered the urban network of the old medina. Currently, in the area you can visit the Archaeological Park, where they have excavated and created a museum of four houses and a part of the street, and you can see the remains of the old wall from the 8th century and several storage silos.

Between 75,000 and 40,000 years ago, the cliff of Capelló was a shelter for Neanderthals, an extinct species of hominid who were organised into small communities of hunter-gatherers. Thousands of years later, Abric Romaní revealed to archaeologists what life was like for a species who shared common evolutionary ancestry with modern man.

In terms of the number and the importance of the findings, Abric Romaní has become one of the principal Middle Palaeolithic sites on the Iberian Peninsula. Thanks to these discoveries, it is possible to reconstruct the modus vivendi of these communities and their interaction with the natural environment in which they lived.

In addition, Abric Romaní, which is still in the process of excavation, has, for the first time allowed us to determine (for Neanderthal groups) the occupation strategies, the structure of their dwellings, subsistence strategies, the technologies of fire and tools, etc. Notable among the remains recovered are scores of wooden objects (the largest collection in the world with such an ancient chronology), close to 200 fireplaces and numerous tools made of stone and bone that demonstrate some very technically advanced production systems.

Abric Romaní forms part of the NEAN-Capellades Prehistoric Park, which includes some 20 archaeological sites in total, and acts as a centre for the dissemination of prehistory and the promotion of cultural tourism.

With 42 painted figures and 260 other images carved into the rock, La Roca dels Moros del Cogul, in Les Garrigues, is one of the most outstanding and best-conserved rock-art sites in Catalonia. Amongst the most outstanding scenes depicted are a hunting scene and a phallic dance, an exceptional representation of a ritual event, which lends credence to the idea of the cave being a place for religious practices.

This area of Les Garrigues has been inhabited continuously by humans since the Paleolithic period and the cave was used for about 5000 years as a place of worship. The last hunter-gatherers (8th - 5th millennium BC) left behind paintings known as Levantine art. Later, from the 5th- 2nd millennium BC, Neolithic groups covered up the reliefs in the rock to draw representations of their own beliefs (diverse representations that fall within the classification of schematic art ). Researchers have also identified later inscriptions from the Iberian and Roman periods, though many are illegible.

Empúries is the only archaeological site in the Iberian Peninsula where the remains of a Greek city Empòrion coexist with those from the Roman city, Emporiae. It is also the gateway to the classical culture: Ten centuries of history that transformed, forever, the ancient Iberian peoples that inhabited it.

The first settlement of the Greeks was in the 6th century BCE on a small island off the coast of the Gulf of Roses (Palaia Polis, ancient city), and then moved to the mainland to establish what was known as the Neàpolis, the new city. In 218 BCE, the port of Empúries was used as an entry point to the peninsula for the Roman troops in their fight against the Carthaginian army. Between the 6th century BCE and the 5th century AD, Empúries has been a port, a commercial enclave, a western colony of Greece, the first Roman encampment on the peninsula, a prosperous Roman city...

The current Greek ruins belong to the city from the Hellenistic period. During the visit there we would find the precincts Asclepius and Serapis, the small industry which produced canned fish and sauces, the Agorá or public square and the remains of the floor of a banqueting room with an inscription in Greek.

Notable from the Roman period is the Domus 1 with the mosaics that decorated the ground, the Insula 30 (area occupied by the city’s public baths), the Forum, the remains of the Basilica and the Curia and the tabernae or shops.

Half way along the route you can visit the Museum of the Empúries excavations which houses the exceptional original sculpture of Asclepius found at the site.

It is therefore a privileged space for understanding the evolution of the Greek and Roman urban development and is a turning point in the history of the Iberian Peninsula. Currently it is one of the sites of the Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya (Archaeological Museum of Catalonia).

Olèrdola has known the presence of man from the Bronze Age until well into the 20th century. This fact shows the strategic importance of a settlement located on the hill of Sant Miquel, which overlooks the Penedès plain. Olèrdola is currently one of the sites of the Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya (Catalonia Archaeology Museum) and is part of the Iberian Route.

Its position made Olèrdola an ideal place in times of war but barely habitable during periods of peace. For this reason, the site also has known long periods of abandonment.

The population have left their mark. There is an Iberianoppidum, a fortified and walled village. There is also an impressive Roman fortification to control the territory and, in particular, the access road to Tarraco (the old name for Tarragona). Finally, within the group is a medieval town, with Romanesque and Pre-Romanesque churches (Sant Miquel and Santa Maria), the castle and anthropomorphic tombs dug out of the rock.

At the beginning of the 12th century, the decline of Olèrdola and the displacement of the population in the plain began.

Currently preserved are the remains of the Castle, the Church of Sant Miquel, a Romanesque building, and the Necropolis of Sant Miquel, an excellent display of the characteristic burials from the High Middle Ages.

Perched in the Puig de Sant Andreu, in the Baix Empordà, the Iberian town of Ullastret is the largest Iberian settlement discovered so far in Catalonia. The city, flanked by towering walls, served as the capital of all the indiketa territory, which exploited agriculture, livestock farming, mines and quarries. It was the centre of an important commercial interchange with the Greek city of Empúries, which exported its products and also imported foreign production. Ullastret dominates the landscape of the Empordà and has been testimony to one of the most important archaeological finds of recent years: that of the severed heads of Ullastret.

This exceptional discovery was made in the year 2012, when the excavations in a stretch of the street uncovered 15 human cranial fragments, among which were two embedded heads. It is a ritual of Celtic origin which had already been described by classical authors such as Posidonius of Apamea or Diodorus of Sicily, and which consisted of displaying the heads of the defeated enemy as trophies of war.

Although the Ullastret complex consists of two Iberian villages, it is only the ruins of Puig de Sant Andreu, which are visitable, corresponding to the last stage of occupation of the town by the indiketes (3rd century BC). The route allows you to view the largest and oldest muralla ibèrica in Catalonia, reinforced with six circular towers.

Visitors can ‘enter’ the rectangular houses, from the most modest up to the constructions made for the most important families of the Iber aristocracy, walk down the cobbled street and discovered the water collection system using cisterns in the rock, a copy of those still existing in the Greek colony in Empúries. The spiritual life of the ancient inhabitants of Ullastret has left its mark with the remains of three temples, from the 4th and the 3rd century BC. The complex is completed with the Ullastret Monographic Museum, which allows interpretation of the site and also to find out about the Iberian culture in the north-east of Catalonia. The Ullastret complex is one of the branches of the Museum of Archaeology of Catalonia.

Located in the Sierra de Godall of Ulldecona, the Abrics de l'Ermita (the hermitage rock shelters) are the most important set of Levantine cave paintings in Catalonia and have been on the Unesco World Heritage list since 1998 and form part of the Route of Rock Art.

In this exceptional complex, the Neolithic man drew a world of beliefs or mythical stories related to the hunt. The steep cliffs of Godall were a place conducive to capturing animals and so you can see in the paintings through the various species of animals in the area, of the archers and, even, of divinities and specialists in charge of carrying out rituals. Experts say that the Neolithic society used the cave painting as a means of communication with the aim to point out places of meeting and celebration of certain rites.

The first paintings of the Sierra de Godall were discovered in 1975 in a cave in the ravine. Currently we have located up to fourteen shelters decorated by man 8,000 years ago. Just next to the shelters, the Abrics de l’Ermita Interpretation Centre for Rock Art, created by the Museum of Archaeology of Catalonia, allows the visitor to discover the artistic and historical heritage of Ulldecona through graphical, photographic, audiovisual resources and replicas of the paintings.